Case Study: Starbucks’ Structure

Barista: This job contributes to Starbucks success by ensuring our service and store standards are met. We do this by providing customers with prompt service, quality beverages and products. Starbucks and partners will experience a friendly, upbeat and clean atmosphere. Key Responsibilities: Develops enthusiastically satisfied customers all of the time. Welcomes and connects with every customer. Discover customer needs and appropriately suggests product with every customer to enhance service and meet sales goals. Offers customers demonstrations, and samples using brewing equipment.Howard Schultz became convinced that he could turn coffee drinking into a cultural experience. He had traveled to Italy and watched with interest as city dwellers would stop to begin the day at a coffee bar. Using the same type of model, Schultz purchased and opened his first location as Il Giornale. The company evolved into Starbucks, where multitudes of consumers began purchasing designer coffees, such as espresso, cappuccino, and coffee mocha. Store interiors encourage lounging and relaxing with a newspaper, magazine, laptop, or friends.Each cafe featured enticements such as jazz music in the background, additional merchandise to examine, and comfortable seating. (Reilly, Minnick, & Baack, 2011). Until the 2008 recession, Starbucks had continued to grow. Some of the units in larger cities experimented with selling additional products, including lunch service. Then a quickly collapsing economy, possibly coupled with other problems, including over expansion, sent the corporation on a downhill slide. Founder Howard Schultz worried that the addition of so many locations had watered down the Starbucks experience. Reilly, Minnick, & Baack, 2011).. Starbucks should be using is departmentalization by geographic region. Starbucks locations are all over the United States. According to our text, â€Å"Geographical departmentalization makes it possible to tailor managerial efforts that addres s territorial differences. †(Reilly, M. , Minnick, C. , & Baack, D. , 2011). Departmentalization can be defined as an effective organizational tool in that it involves dividing people up into different departments or divisions in which collections of tasks are placed together, such as accounting, marketing, and production.Going through Starbucks case study, the best suited departmentalization for Starbucks would be by Geographic Region. Starbucks has its financial affairs, legal affairs separated from stores. It has also added talent management, human resources and training and development as part of being specialized departments. This structure works, because it is separated from day to day business and does not interfere with store operations. This will help in the different locations to adapt the menu to accommodate. For example the Starbucks in Florida may sale more ice coffees than in Washington State where it is not as hot.When the increase of competition began the decli ne of sales for Starbucks, the leadership shouldn’t try to centralize power. With the leadership being centralized the organization may start making bad decisions because it only allows for two or three leaders to be overwhelmed and start making wrong decisions, where as if they were to have more ideas from their employees they may be able to come up with a structure that can help them through the decline of sales The configuration that best fits Starbucks would have to be the divisional organization.This is because Starbucks has different products and many business units all around the world. According to an article, Mintzberg’s Organizational Configurations, â€Å"The benefit of the divisional organization is that it allows the line managers to maintain more control and accountability. †(Mindtools, 2012). In conclusion, Starbucks organizations have been a great place for people to work, customers to hang out at, and overall a great place to have coffee.From wh at I see, the structure that Starbucks has been using, so far has been doing a good job. According to Howard Schultz, Starbucks chairman, â€Å"Starbucks continues to expand our global Starbucks footprint and accelerate the innovation and momentum in our CPG business† (Financial Release, 2011) ? References: CNN Money, (Feb. 7, 2011). CNN Money, 100 Best Companies to work for. Retrieved on September 10, 2012 fromhttp://money. cnn. com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2011/snapshots/98. tml MindTools, (2012). Mintzberg’s Organizational Configurations, Understandingthe structure of your organization, retrieved on September 10, 2012 fromhttp://www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newSTR_54. htm Reilly, M. , Minnick, C. , & Baack, D. (2011). The five functions of effective management. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education. Starbucks Coffee Company, (2012). Starbucks Investor Relations, 2011 Financial Release, retrieved on September 10, 2012

The second danger is for the people of Alabama

Alabama faces two problems regarding race relations. One is tiring of the work just as the blonde girl in the old joke, who swims half-way across a lake, declares she is too tired to make it all the way, and then swims back to the side she started on. If the residents of Alabama grow tired of progressing, they too, might someday end up back where they started. The labor of generations, then, would be wasted.The second danger is for the people of Alabama to believe that enough progress has been made. It is easy to think of one's own generation as the most advanced in all of time. Yet, a look back at history shows that previous generations felt the same way. An examination of the attitudes and actions of the progressives in the past sheds some light on how far Alabama has come and how far it might still need to go.Many people today portray slave masters as wicked, violent men, who beat their slaves constantly and neglected their needs. This is not a completely accurate picture. Indeed, former Alabama slave Alice Gaston[i] (Gaston, 1941, p. 1) in a 1941 interview with Robert Sonkin the following:All the white folks that know me, they treats me nice. And if I want anything, I'll ask for it. I was taught in that a way by my old master. Don't steal, don't lie, and if you want anything, ask for it. Be honest in what you get. That was what I was raised up with. And I'm that a way today.Another former slave, Isom Moseley also said that he’d worked for, â€Å"might good white folks.† (Moseley, 1941) He remembered the white people having shoes for the children and the elderly.   Similarly, former slave Joe MacDonald recalled that his master had made sure he was educated, so that he would be treated well by other white people, once the master and his wife had â€Å"died and gone to heaven.† (MacDonald, 1940)One slave owner fathered a child by a black woman. Instead of denying his paternity, James T. Rapier’s father acknowledged him and hired a private tutor to educate him in secret, because Alabama law, at the time, did not allow blacks to be educated.[ii]   Rapier elected to the forty-third congress in 1873 as a republican.Yet, in some parts of the state, slaves were treated very badly – particularly in the earliest years. In 1824, slaves in Montgomery outnumbered whites. Around half of Alabama’s heads of household were slave owners.As the number of slaves in Alabama increased, so did per capita wealth. Indeed, in 1930, per capita wealth was $700, which was unmatched by any other part of the country.[1] These factors lead many whites to fear black insurrection. If Alabama blacks rose up against whites, the outnumbered whites might not be able to stop them.Therefore, many feared for their lives. Others feared losing their fortunes. If blacks were freed, once great southerners would have to compete with industrialized northerner families in the American economy. It would be extremely hard for them to compe te. [iii]White fear lead to increased oppression. While, for a time, there were free blacks in Alabama, the government chased them out in 1839. An article from The New-Yorker in 1839 declares, â€Å"By a law of the last session of the Alabama legislature, all free persons of color who remain in the state after the 1st of August next are to be enslaved.†[iv]If a similar ruling were made today, the newspaper editors would call for public outrage. In 1839, the note is simply followed by a warning about yellow fever in New Orleans. Clearly, neither the government, nor the media thought of blacks as equals.Yet, while the Alabama legislature tried to rid the state of free blacks, it also ruled, in 1852, that owners must properly clothe their slaves. According to Mary Jenkins Schwartz, however, the law was not enforced and frequently broken.[v] Jenkins states that because owners would not follow the law, slaves who had children had a difficult time keeping their children warm. Indee d, she says, on one Alabama plantation, mothers would cut holes in gunny sacks to clothe their sons and daughters.[vi]Slaves were treated on many plantations as animals. Jenkins reports that many slept on hay. Children were given blankets of inferior quality and expected to share with one another. Children who did not work in the fields on one plantation, were not given food allowances.Therefore their parents would have to catch animals like rabbits and raccoons to feed them. Indeed, says Jenkins, some children would look forward to working in the fields because they would be able to earn food for themselves to stop their hunger.[vii]The fact that plantation owners thought of slaves just as people think of animals is also evinced by a number of documents from Alabama in the 1800’s. For instance, in 1852, a Parks Landing plantation owner offered a reward of fifty dollars for the return of his runaway slave, Stephen. It reads like a lost pet poster. The plantation owner describ es his slave as, â€Å"A fine looking negro† who is â€Å"between twenty-five and thirty years of age,† â€Å"about six-feet high,† â€Å"copper-colored,† with a â€Å"high fore-head†. [viii][1] Jenkins reports that slave owners would use this to tempt slaves into putting their children to work in the fields. Those who did would receive, â€Å"one frock apiece.† One boy, who worked carrying water for workers, earned a shirt, two pairs of pantaloons and shoes.[i] Alice Gaston.   â€Å"Interview with Alice Gaston, Gee's Bend, Alabama,† Voices of Slavery. Library of Congress.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Washington, D.C. 1941. [ii] Eugene Feldman. â€Å"James T. Rapier, Negro Congressman from Alabama,† The Phylon Quarterly. Vol 19. No. 3    1958. [iii] Clayton W. Williams â€Å"Early Ante-Bellum Montgomery: A Black-Belt Constituency,† The Journal of Southern    History, Vol. 7, No. 4. Nov. 1941. [iv] â€Å"Free Negro es in Alabama,† The New Yorker. Sep. 14, 1839; 7 26. P. 411[v] Mary Jenkins Scwartz. Born in Bondage: Growing up Enslaved in the Antebellum South. (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2000). [viii] Levi Parks. â€Å"Poster offering fifty dollars reward for the capture of a runaway slave Stephen,† American Memory. Library of Congress. Washington, D.C. 1852.

Healthy lifestyle Essay

A persons health is measured in various methods and achievements, whether it is measured by weight, levels of stress, or just overall quality of life. People are relentlessly searching for the most efficient way to be more physically, nutritionally, and emotionally fit. On this quest for superior health there are four habits that need to be recognized to reach this goal, and they are smoking, drinking, overeating, and exercising. (Berger, 502). Cigarette smoking is a common, unhealthy habit among American adults. With 20.8% of all adults smoking, its the most preventable cause of death in the US, making up one in every five deaths this year. (Center for Disease Control & Prevention, n.d.). It not only significantly increases your chance at getting lung cancer; it also increases the rate for getting cancer of the bladder, kidneys, mouth and stomach. (Berger, 503). These deaths are preventable by people quitting smoking. There are over-the-counter medications, prescription medications, as well as just cold turkey to quit smoking. Alcohol is another drug that can lead to bad health. Alcohol can produce significant problems with the lever, heart, stomach and increases the likelihood of getting cancer. (Berger, 504). With this danger, groups have been founded to help stop using alcohol. The most familiar group is Alcoholics Anonymous. Alcoholics Anonymous was founded in 1935, has no affiliation to any company, government, or private enterprise, and only requires the members to have the want to stop drinking. (Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 2008). Overeating and obesity is a common health problem among Americans today. We live in a very hectic world with just as frantic schedules. With the onset of the technological world and hectic schedules, fast food restaurants have found their ideal target. With consumers not having to even get out of their cars to super-size their double quarter-pounder has made us obese. There is a solution to this problem though. Through a reasonable amount of caloric intake of the right foods and a moderate, convenient exercise plan American can win the battle of the bulgeExercise is a very proactive way of increasing ones health. Many people exercise to lose weight, but the  benefits of exercise is vast. Regular physical activity can reduce your risk for several diseases and conditions and improve your overall quality of life. Regular physical activity can help protect you from the following health problems: hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes. (Berger, 507). References Berger, K. S. (2005). The Developing Person: Through the Life Span. (Sixth Ed.). New York, New York: Worth Publishers. Center for Disease Control & Prevention. (n.d.). Adult Cigarette Smoking in the United States:Current Estimates. Retrieved on July 13, 2008, from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/Factsheets/adult_cig_smoking.htm. Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. (2008). A.A. Fact File. Retrieved on July 13, 2008, from http://www.alcoholics-anonymous.org/en_pdfs/m-24_aafactfile.pdf.

War on Drugs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

War on Drugs - Research Paper Example This paper is a critical examination of the war on drugs in the United States and its effects in the country. Narcotics are a wide range of illegal drugs that are primarily used to influence and change the behavior or mood of the user. Chemically, narcotics are opium derivatives and they include drugs such morphine, heroin, cocaine, codeine among others (Roy, 41). Opiates and cocaine are the most valuable and profitable narcotics in the underworld economy. Narcotics are highly addictive, and they mainly function on the brain and the central nervous system where they reduce the intensity of unpleasant feelings such as pain and could produce euphoric sensations. In medicine, morphine, which is narcotic drug, is widely used to reduce chronic pain. Others narcotics applied in medicine include codeine and oxycodone for relieving pain in patients. Due to the addictive nature of these medically applied narcotics, the abuse of the prescription drugs is a growing concern in the United States (Acker, 57-69). History of Narcotics in United States Narcotics have an ancient history that dates back to the earliest civilization in Greece, Sumeria, Egypt and India among others. to Roy, opium, which is obtained from the poppy plant, played a major role in prehistoric medicine and pharmacy. The drug was mainly used for inducing sleep and as a general painkiller. In addition, the addictive and euphoric properties of opium encouraged people to use it as a recreational drug. The potent properties of opium increased its demand in the world and by 17th century, commercial production and trade in the drug was already established in the European continent. ... By eighteenth century, trade in opium was a very profitable venture because an increasing number of people had become addicted to the drug (72-96). The use of opium was no longer restricted to the rich and it soon became a commodity for mass consumption. Consequently, opium became an important source of revenue for various countries especially in Asia and Atlantic region. The main source of opium in United States in 20th century was China (Zabludoff, 49). Currently the main producers and suppliers of opiate drugs are Colombia, Mexico, Afghanistan and Pakistan (Chepesiuk, 68). Acker classifies the history of narcotics use in the United States in three distinct periods, from 1860 to 1910, 1910 to 1950 and from 1950 to the present (63). In the United States, the period from 1860 to 1910 was characterized by the outbreak of the civil war, which started in 1861 and ended in 1865. During the war, large-scale use of narcotics was noted among the combatants (Acker, 105). The medicinal and ad dictive properties of the drug elicited intensive research from pharmaceutical companies such as the giant pharmaceutical company Bayer. In 1874, chemists from Bayer successfully isolated heroin from morphine. During the period, addiction to morphine had become a major concern in Europe and United States. A growing number of people had become dependant on the drug, resulting to low productivity and increasing level of crime (Roy, 38). Therefore, the medical fraternity hoped that heroin, would cure morphine addiction. The successful synthesis of heroin from morphine well received in the market and the narcotic was promoted as â€Å"a wonder drug† (Musto, 55). The commercial promotion

Software Application life-cycle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Software Application life-cycle - Research Paper Example It also depends upon the time and budget constraints of which of the life-cycle model will be appropriate to adapt. This paper will introduce and compare two of the life cycle models; the waterfall and the agile model. The models will be compared and analyzed in the context of the mobile software development project. This is to propose the most adequate model for a mobile software development project (Schach, 2010). Comparative Analysis of Life-Cycle Models The waterfall life cycle model is a sequential process model. It is a step-by-step development model starting from the initial design phase and ending to the completion phase (the maintenance phase) (Schach, 2010, p. 53). The phases of the model are interdependent on each other as the next phase begins only when the previous phase is ideally completed. Adapting waterfall model for the mobile software development project could be worth it as it may include the detailed stages of requirements analysis, design, and implementation, gi ving ideal completion to the mobile software (Munassar & Govardhan, 2010). Contrary to the waterfall model is the iterative incremental life cycle model, which is based on correspondence and integration (Bittner & Spence, 2006, p. 143). The iteration model leads a mobile project incrementally, which means that it has more compatibility that the waterfall method to adapt changes in the initial requirements’ stage. It is a reversible model looped to the adjusting and modifying code source requirements (Gomaa, 2011). The waterfall life cycle model is a more detailed and apprehensive model for mobile software development (Mall, 2009). It is a more comprehensive model than iteration to complete a mobile development project. However, it could be more expensive than the iteration model as it is less flexible to adapt changes. The rigidity of the model is what makes it a more complex model to adapt (Schach, 2010). Iterative incremental model is more flexible as compare to the waterfa ll model. More specifically, for the short term mobile projects, iteration model is supple to adapt. The mobile software development often requires changes in each development stage (Schach, 2010). Likewise, there are feedback inputs from stakeholders or users that could come at the beginning or at mid or ending stages of design and implementation. This requires incorporation of the design changes or requirements changes, on where iterative incremental model is more effective to adjust (Schach, 2010). Due to sequential rigidity, the waterfall life cycle model gives less space to the mobile clients. It gives less room to the customers to assert their initial requirements (Schach, 2010). On the other side, iterative incremental model gives much choice to users to put on their initial requirements. As the iterative model affords the low cost on changes or modification so it allows users to give major demands or requirements. This is how iteration model is more market oriented than wate rfall. It is a model which is customer focused than waterfall model (Gomaa, 2011). The waterfall lifecycle model can take more time than iteration model to complete a mobile software project (Munassar & Govardhan, 2010). Comparatively the waterfall model requires larger set of data than iteration in proceeding and completing a project. As each phase is more detailed and more apprehensive so it makes the waterfall model a time consuming model (Mall, 2009). Apart from all, iterative increme

Transformers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Transformers - Essay Example Transformers surfaced a number of years ago with its first movie debut in 2007. The movie was able to capture imaginations across the globe with its sophisticated graphics and depiction of cars turning into robots and back to cars again. In addition, the thrilling tale that bound the first Transformer movie kept me on the edge of my seat, waiting for more Transformer action and drama. Needless to say, the sequel to the first Transformer movie was bigger, better and more breath taking. The second part of Transformers has captured my attention since its inception since 2009, even though there have been other sequels as well. The second movie built upon the concepts delineated in the first movie and refined the conception of transforming robots and their mission further. Improved graphics, a stunning cast and a thrilling action story coupled to a strong plot made for an unforgettable movie. Living a routine life, I could not help appreciate the capricious nature of events depicted that assumed larger than life dimensions as two species of robots battled for control of their fates. The very label of the second movie, â€Å"Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen† speaks volumes of the intent behind this movie. Although there have been other sequels of the Transformer movie series, but the groundwork laid in this particular sequel is unmatched. Primarily, when Transformers’ second movie is compared to contemporary cinema, it becomes clear that the concept existed at the margins and this movie brought this concept to the limelight in an unmatched fashion. A number of different science fiction movies dotted cinemas and imaginations across the globe but none of them depicted entire herds of robots, each with its own distinct character and flavour. The very idea of two divergent robot herds battling each other for control of certain resources on planet Earth to dominate the other seemed out of the mundane and ordinary

Texas Instruments - leadership and commitment to TQM Case Study - 1

Texas Instruments - leadership and commitment to TQM - Case Study Example licable to the I.T sector, and it can provide better services means, improved and enhanced productivity, and mitigation of overheads, defects and recalls from the customers end. All these are possible through the concept of T.Q.M adoption and incorporation itno I.T sector. T.I adopted the commitment policy by adopting the T.Q. M model which guarantees this in an indirect manner. T.Q.M allows commitment to customers concerns and customers’ demands as well as enabling policy definition which is best suited to the needs of customers and market. This was further enhanced by adoption of the EFQM model by the incumbent company in mid 90s decade. Adoption of total quality culture was another manifestation of the company that was brought into force. Adoption of new means in form of quality control and quality mechanism, EFQM and other similar concepts made the elements of leadership, commitment and policy deriving further easy. A cascaded vision approach demands a vigorous involvement and participation mechanism that would enable complete responses from the entire team. While the first step is that of taking the members on board, the next step is that of providing them with all the technical and relevant knowledge and expertise and finally the response and the impact of the process undertaken. This all can be implemented in any kind of organization especially higher education or health sector. In case of higher education sector, the policy makers along with the departmental heads and institutions should be made part of the entire process; finally the step of practical implementation would enable direct interaction. In case of health care sector, the governmental agencies, along with health care departments, can be involved in devising a cascaded vision. In each of the above mentioned cases, equal participation, transfer of knowledge and practical implementation is a must towards successful accomplishment o f the cascaded vision approach. EFQM model gave T.I a new life

Hugos Presidency in Venezuela Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hugos Presidency in Venezuela - Essay Example Hugo embarked on a nationwide campaign for the presidency on a platform of Bolivarianism. His beliefs included Venezuelan sovereignty, anti-imperialism, populist democracy, mass participation in the government, strong nationalism and economic self sufficiency. Hugo strongly believed that the revenues from oil sales had to be distributed equally in Venezuela. He later won the election becoming Venezuela’s fifty third president. In 2006, Hugo was re-elected as Venezuela’s president upon which he made an announcement that he will make radical changes within the country. Some of his radical changes were characteristic of authoritarianism and dictatorship. Chavez withdrew from the IMF, cracked down on all television stations that were critical on him and nationalized electrical companies. He closed 32 radio stations that were privately owned. He went ahead to propose a law that would punish media crimes. Chavez was clearly moving to silence all of his critics. He accused the stations of supporting the 2002 coup against his government. He even denied a certain broadcaster a chance to renew its license claiming that the broadcaster was supporting the opposition (CNN World). Worse still, he proposed a referendum that would see introduction of certain constitutional changes that remove term limits and centralized power in the presidency (New York Times). Despite the problems of electricity shortages and a recessing economy, Chavez still uses certain tactics to consolidate power. He makes use of tactics like expropriation of his supporters’ businesses and conducting secret police raids. He makes use of military loyalists to execute his orders. His allies had successfully controlled the National Assembly since the year 2005 after the opposition boycotted legislative elections in the same year (New York Times). Despite these actions, Chavez continues to enjoy great support from the poor who feel that they are better of with Chavez as the president. Chavez distributed the revenues from oil equitably across the nation thereby improving the poor Venezuelans quality of life. Chavez, upon becoming the president in 1998 fired the management of the oil company (state owned) something that angered the middleclass. This resulted in an attempted coup in 2002 that failed (New York Times). Hugo has been the focus of criticism by the West for his action to support the Syrian president (Mr. Assad) by supplying him with oil. Mr. Assad had taken action against an uprising in Syria. This resulted in mass murders and multiple violations of human rights. The UNGA (United Nations General Assembly) had widely condemned President Assad for violating human rights, mass murders of children women and torture. Chavez’s choice to support Assad was widely viewed as supporting terrorist activities and was highly controversial (New York Times). Chavez had earlier supported Iran’s President (Mr. Mahmoud) who had ridiculed claims by the West that his country (Iran) was seeking to acquire the ability to make nuclear weapons. Despite the wide condemnation that Muammar president of Libya faced due to his strike back against an uprising in his country, Chavez went ahead and forged close economic and political ties with Libya. Chavez overtime according to a 2009 poll that consisted of a large number of Arab countries, he was the most popular and famous leader both by margin and fear. Chavez had courted almost any

SAP HR Module Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SAP HR Module - Research Paper Example This report will outline some of the important aspects of HR Module including its major functions and features. SAP ERP HCM: An Overview SAP HCM is also called human resource management system that is commonly used to manage human resource related activities for an organization. With an integrated SAP ERP HCM software solution for managing all the human resource related operations, a business organization can be able to more enthusiastically recognize where their workforce's talents are at the present and bring into line the objectives of their employees with their business's overarching business policy. In addition, using this real-time approach to deal with human resources, a business is able to take advantage completely from human-capital policies and programs; and as a result determine their workforce's support to the bottom line. Additionally, by automating all the core human resource procedures, like that human resource management, legal reporting and payroll this modern techno logy based system increases the business performance and compliance with changing worldwide and local regulations. In fact, SAP ERP Human Capital Management system helps business organizations all through the globe to improve performance with well-organized, dedicated and motivated personnel. Moreover, with integrated building blocks and a matchless partner system, the system facilitates shared services and business operations outsourcing and minimizes operating expenses and risk for these operational models (SAP; kristine; Newman). Features and Functions SAP ERP Human Capital Management system encompasses characteristics, processes and end-user release alternatives to help business organizations manage the following business procedures (SAP; SAP2; kristine; Newman). End-user Service Delivery: This module of SAP ERP HCM facilitates the organization in delivery of ERP services both with business content to the entire organization and beyond. Basically, the customer service delivery b usiness process provides the clients with numerous alternatives to access ERP features and services, depending on the nature of their tasks, their preferences, and the business context (SAP; SAP2; kristine; Newman). Workforce Analytics: This module of SAP ERP HCM facilitates timely approaching into the staff that allows a business organization to take advantage of integrated human capital policy and programs, and determine their workforce’s potential to the bottom line (SAP; SAP2; kristine; Newman). Talent Management: This module of SAP ERP HCM offers a great deal of support to people all through every stage of their services, from staffing through development, training and retention. It also allows them to recruit the appropriate people, place their expertise to most outstanding use, bring into line worker objectives with business objectives by augmenting the influence of training, and maintain the tasks for the top performers. In addition, SAP ERP HCM also allows the organi zations to develop and deploy talent more quickly and flexibly as compared to ever before. In this scenario, the result facilitates and puts together all the talent management procedures, as a result organizations are able to acquire, attract, train and guide, and expand talent, identify and produce future leaders; and bring into line and motivate talent with

The Digital Revolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Digital Revolution - Research Paper Example Company websites may employ domestic or global strategies in their e-commerce transactions (Bajaj, Debjani & Kamlesh, 2005). Websites with a domestic e-commerce strategy main seek to serve businesses and customers within the geographical boundaries of a country. In contrast, Bajaj, Debjani & Kamlesh observe that websites with a global focus aim towards promoting transactions between customers and businesses across global and international markets. Firms implementing global e-commerce need to address financial issues, legal issues and market access challenges such as cultural differences and language barriers. There are three main classifications for websites, namely transaction, promotion and content sites (Bajaj, Debjani & Kamlesh, 2005). Transaction sites are websites designed to enhance virtual or online transactions. This is mostly applicable for online business ventures that do not have the traditional brick and mortar model or any other physical presence. This site is more appr opriate for businesses dealing with specialized product categories. Promotional sites are those designed specifically for information and communication purposes with the aim of supplementing marketing activities and strengthening relationships. It is appropriate for companies seeking to develop the global presence and develop new channels of communication. Lastly, content websites are designed to provide customers and prospects with accurate and reliable content to aid in their buying process.

Patterns for College Writing Essay Example for Free

Patterns for College Writing Essay I spent the night before contemplating how I was going to get out of school on Thursday.   There was a social studies test I didnt study for and I just could not bare another day of dodge ball.   On the morning of September 11, 2001 I woke up â€Å"sick†.   I pleaded with my mother, and took a fake trip to the bathroom because I was going to â€Å"vomit†.   Finally, I was allowed to stay home.   At 6:00 am,   I was ordered to go back to sleep and I did.    I looked forward to my day alone as I lingered between sleeping and waking pondering how I was going to fill my day with snacks, computer games, and loud music. September 11, 2001 began as a childhood scheme and it ended with me growing up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I dozed much of the morning and awoke to the sound of my brothers radio alarm going off.   It was Thursday and he shouldnt be home.   I pouted as I slowly got out of bed to see if I was truly alone.   I walked down the hall and stopped briefly at the bathroom and then into my brothers room.   He was gone, and the alarm had been set wrong.   The people on the radio droned on and on.   I wandered around the room hoping to find a magazine that I let brat borrow weeks ago. As I was on my knees peaking under the bed the words on the radio became clear.   I heard the word â€Å"terrorists† and the fragments of statements like â€Å"hundreds died this morning when†.   Then, I could only hear my heart beat in my ears.  Ã‚   I got to my feet and for the first time since being a child, I felt real panic. The sort of panic you feel when you are four and you have wandered away from your parents.   Once I caught my breath I made my way to the family room, frantically searching for the remote.   I turned on the television to MSNBC and the first image I saw was a man jumping from a broken window of one of the twin towers.   I was baffled and this would be the image that would haunt my dreams, my waking memories, and what it meant to be an American.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I heard the details over and over again.   The errorists had hijacked three planes and deliberately crashed them into the Pentagon and the Twin Towers.   The video clips played again and again on the news.   The smoke filled horizons around the crumbling buildings.   Paper was flying everywhere and the sound of heart broken people wailing in the background filled the screen.   I stared and there were moments where I thought it might be a movie and all I had to do was change the channel.   The phone must of rang a dozen times before I answered it   It was my mother on the other end, asking me again and again if I was ok.  Ã‚   She told me she would be home soon.   I waited, though I did not know for what, and watched.   The Towers were now in flames as the reporters spoke in what seem like whispers.   Their words almost silenced but the sound of a city slowly dying.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I remember hearing the back door open and close, and my mother sitting down next to me.   It was the first time since I was a child that she held my hand and I let her.   Stunned, we sat together as the news reported that at 8:40 am the terrorists crashed planes into the World Trade Center.   It was hard to comprehend.   My mother cried and I cried too except on the inside.   I watched her body shake as she twisted her ring around and around her finger.   My mother, who could out talk just about everyone we knew, was speechless.   It was then that I understood – she was scared too.   I hugged my mother and told her everything would be all right.   I told her we would be safe and that we had each other.   I made us coffee and we spent much of the afternoon talking about what happened, what could happen, and what we would do.   What we spoke about most was â€Å"why†.   Why did the terrorists hate Americ a?   Why did people kill other people for no apparent reason?   Comforting my   mother in the ways she had comforted me for so many years, came unexpectedly to me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the next few months we followed the story as did the world.   I can remember President Bush attempting to comfort the United States and telling us America would be going to war for reasons that werent clear to me then and certainly arent clear to me now.   Suddenly video games and staying home from school just werent important anymore.   Dodge ball did not seem so bad.   Instead of hiding from my parents I sought them out, wanting to discuss my day and theirs together.   I do not believe what does not kill us makes us stronger.   However, I think that what does not kill us makes truly value what we have in life and to realize how much our family and friends mean to us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My family and I became very active in volunteer activities especially with the Red Cross.   We donated bottled water, clothing, blankets, and food.   Our community held local charity events to raise money for the victims of September 11 including those firemen and police officers who gave their lives in the fires of 9/11.   It was the first time I or my family had ever become involved in activities that did not directly benefits ourselves.   The sense of community and patriotism that was built in the months following the terrorists attacks still exists with me today.   We now volunteer regularly as a family for a number of charities.   Through the destruction of the Twin Towers, I finally understood my place and role in society.   Not as a bystander but an active and willing participant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On September 11, 2001 many people lost their lives and I gained my independence from childhood fantasies.   Before that Thursday in September, I never thought about life and death.   I never considered the consequences of war and the denial of freedoms.   Now that I am older, I realize that September 11, 2001 was not just pivotal point for me but America itself.   Not since Pearl Harbor had the United States been unexpectedly attacked on its own land.  Ã‚   Just as families pulled together so did the United States as a whole.  Ã‚   We cried together and we healed together.  Ã‚   To actually witness the attacks was life changing but to be part of the healing process was life affirming. Bibliograhy Berne, S. (2004). Ground Zero. In S. Mandell, and Kirszner, L. (Eds.), Patterns for College Writing: A   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rhetorical Reader and Guide (pp. 158-161). New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.

“The Seven Storey Mountain” by Thomas Merton Essay Example for Free

â€Å"The Seven Storey Mountain† by Thomas Merton Essay Introduction Thomas Merton went through a significant conversion in his youth and turned into a prominent Catholic author and spiritualist. His autobiography â€Å"The Seven Storey Mountain† discusses his life from childhood to adult and the conversion to Roman Catholicism and entry into a monastery.   The title and the sequence of this book were enthused by Dante’s â€Å"The Divine Comedy†. Merton’s autobiography is divided into three parts: The first describes his life without God (â€Å"Hell†); the second, the beginning of his search for God (â€Å"Purgatory†); and the third, his baptism and entrance into a monastic order (â€Å"Paradise†). Discussion Thomas Merton’s autobiographical work â€Å"The Seven Storey Mountain† marked the true beginning of his outstanding literary career. Seven years before, he came into the Trappist abbey of Gethsemani in Kentucky. Inspired by his abbot; Dom Frederic Dunne, Merton wrote his biography in order to explain his conversion from a non-believing Anglican into a transformed to Catholicism who left a promising educational career in order to join a secluded monastery. (Merton, 121) In the last several years of Merton’s life, he wrote comprehensively on such varied subjects like warfare and tranquility, the civil movement, racial and social discrimination, Eastern and Western monasticism, and the associations between conventional Christian values and the contemporary world. Merton divided his autobiography into three sections. The first part deals with the years between his childhood and the physical collapse he suffered in 1936. The second section explains his extensive period of convalescence, his transformation to Catholicism in 1938, and his choice in late 1939 to join a institution. The last part discusses his views previous to and subsequent to his entrance in the Gethsemani Monastery. The heading of Merton’s autobiography depicts the seven levels in Dante’s Purgatory. (Zuercher, 67) The celestial elegance allowed him to shift from the lowest to the highest degree of divine knowledge. The book â€Å"Seven Storey Mountain† explains in a clear and unassuming way Merton’s steady transformation from a conceited and indifferent youngster into a keen and mature believer who retrieved satisfaction as a meditative preacher. From the time of its publication in 1948, the book â€Å"The Seven Storey Mountain† has affected many readers in a positive way. (Merton, 129) The author in the starting of the book â€Å"The Seven Storey Mountain† describes himself as a captive of a worldly and selfish world. This evaluation of the new world to a reformatory has struck most of the readers as extreme. The well-known British writer Evelyn Waugh published a well modified story of â€Å"The Seven Storey Mountain† in the title Elected Silence in 1949. Waugh removed what he thought as the overstatement in both Merton’s way and his judgment of the world out of his monastery. Even though Waugh improved many parts of the text in Merton’s book, Merton thought that the polished and sophisticated way chosen by Waugh could not appropriately put across to the audience his intuitive response to his knowledge before and after his transformation. Merton wanted the readers of â€Å"The Seven Storey Mountain† to know that his life would have been worthless if he had not got the gift of belief from God; his conversion had drastically transformed his perception of the world. The book â€Å"The Seven Storey Mountain† has been favorably compared to such classic autobiographies as those of Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, Saint Augustine, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Such praise of Merton’s autobiography is entirely appropriate because he also analyzed with almost brutal honesty the weaknesses and strengths of his character. Merton never attempted to mislead his readers by presenting himself in an overly positive light. His subjective analysis of his own life never seems artificial. His consistent attempt to understand the true motivation for his moral choices persuades his readers both to respect Merton’s perception of the world and to appreciate the universal elements in Merton’s spiritual and psychological growth: The chronological structure of this autobiography enables the reader to understand the gradual changes which caused Thomas Merton to convert to Roman Catholicism and then to enter a cloistered monastery. (Zuercher, 71) Thomas Merton had a difficult childhood. He was born near the Spanish border in the French village of Prades on January 31, 1915. His parents were both artists, and they moved frequently. His mother, an American, would die in 1921 and his father, a New Zealander, would die nearly ten years later. Merton spent his childhood and adolescence in France, England, Bermuda, and the United States but never felt at home anywhere. The artificiality and selfishness of modern society depressed him. Because of his profound sense of alienation, Merton yielded too many self-destructive urges: After he joined the University of Cambridge in 1933, he began to drink heavily and then fathered a child out of wedlock.   His previous mistress and their son both would die during a Nazi air attack on London. During writing his autobiography, Merton thought of a friend from Cambridge who had committed suicide. He was certain that only the love of God had sheltered him from the same destiny and that he had achieved nothing constructive all this time he had spent in England. He went to America in 1934 and then never came back to Europe. In the first section of â€Å"The Seven Storey Mountain†, the misery and isolation which many people experience after the dreadfulness of the Holocaust and the devastation of World War II is strongly and emotively expressed. In the second section of â€Å"The Seven Storey Mountain†, Merton disclosed that he required celestial grace and the ethical support of his friends both in order to nurture spiritually. Once Merton reached America, he registered at Columbia University, where he met two professors, Mark Van Doren and Dan Walsh, who intensely persuaded his personal growth. Van Doren trained Merton to think seriously, to give importance to truth for itself, and to disbelieve all types of baseless reasoning. Sarcastically, Merton had never planned to meet Van Doren. In the commencement of his junior year at Columbia, Merton went to the wrong classroom by mistake. (Zuercher, 81) When Van Doren came in and started talking, Merton decided to take that course in its place and gave up history course which he actually wanted to take. Merton thought of this unexpected accident as part of a divine plan to help him understand the gift of faith. Van Doren, who was a Protestant, became one of Merton’s best friends, corresponding with him for years and often visiting him at Gethsemani. Even though he did not share Merton’s religious beliefs, Van Doren strongly supported both his conversion to Catholicism and his decision to enter the monastery. Whenever he had personal problems, Merton knew that Van Doren would be there to help and guide him. Another close friend from Columbia was Robert Lax. He encouraged Merton to take a course on medieval Scholasticism which Dan Walsh, a visiting professor of philosophy from Sacred Heart College, was to teach at Columbia. Walsh taught Merton that no opposition need exist between the acceptance of traditional Christian beliefs and the philosophical search for truth. After he became a Catholic, Merton spoke to Walsh of his interest in the priesthood, and Walsh suggested the Trappist monastery in Gethsemani. At first, Merton rejected this suggestion, but within two years he would become a Trappist. Most of his friends at Columbia were not Catholic. Nevertheless, they attended his baptism in 1938. Eleven years later, his Columbia friends would travel to Gethsemani for his ordination. Friendship enriched Merton’s life and gave him the inner peace which he needed in order to accept the gift of faith. (Merton, 135) Whatever their religious beliefs; his readers can identify with Merton’s thoughtful analysis of the close link between friendship and the search for happiness. The third part of â€Å"The Seven Storey Mountain† describes his reasons for entering the Cistercian monastery and the great joy which active meditation brought to him there. After considering a few religious orders, he at first left the confined life. Nonetheless, after many conversations with his friends from Columbia and two retreats in Cistercian monasteries, Merton drew a conclusion that only the meditative life would allow him to grow spiritually. He wrote to Gethsemani and was accepted for what he was: a scrape whom the free gift of faith had transformed into a fervent believer. At Gethsemani, Merton would experience for the first time the pleasures of true emotional and intellectual satisfaction. When Merton reached Gethsemani on December 10, 1941, he saw the words Pax intrantibus (peace to those who enter) inscribed over the entrance gate. In Merton’s mind, this Latin greeting defined the paradoxical nature of the monastic life. The numerous and often-petty rules in a contemplative order are in fact designed to bring monks inner peace by freeing them from the artificiality of the materialistic world. (Zuercher, 82). Therefore, the peace he wished to acquire was the wisdom to accept everything as part of the divine plan. Yet this trust in divine providence would soon be severely tested. Only a few months after his arrival at Gethsemani, he was called to his abbot’s office. Merton’s brother, John Paul, then a sergeant in the British army, had come to the abbey in order to receive religious instruction, wanting to be baptized as soon as possible. By a curious coincidence, Father James Fox, who would serve as Thomas’ abbot and spiritual mentor from 1948 until early 1968, was asked to prepare John Paul for baptism. As his newly baptized brother was walking away from the monastery, Thomas suddenly realized that they â€Å"would never see each other on earth again.† Within a year the recently married John Paul was killed in action. Thomas coped with his grief first by praying and then by writing â€Å"Sweet Brother, If I Do Not Sleep.† His complete acceptance of divine benevolence persuaded Thomas that John Paul’s â€Å"unhappy spirit† had finally been called â€Å"home† by God. Only a brief epilogue, â€Å"Meditation of a Poor Man in Solitude† follows this powerful analysis of the last meeting between Thomas Merton and his only sibling. (Giroux, 145)    Reasons for Conversion Merton’s religious themes are centered in pre-Vatican II Roman Catholic spirituality and theology, but much of his writing concerns universal Christian ideas. A chief theme is the importance of grace. Life is empty without God and offers only empty pleasures and inescapable woes. Modern society enslaves its members with distractions and material goods; self-sacrifice can help people distance themselves from the false promises of the world. According to Merton, only through the sanctifying grace of God, which is the full participation in God’s life that supports us to good actions, peace and happiness can be found. (Merton, 147) Natural goodness is transformed by grace to bring us and others closer to God. Grace thus saves us and allows us to become our best selves. As Merton experienced it, conversion was preceded by grace-filled moments provided by good people, reading and contemplation, and the inspiration of an â€Å"inner voice† that directed him to carry out his thoughts. However, even baptism was not sufficient for true conversion. After his baptism, Merton continued acting as he had previously. Only after a while did he realize that conversion means conversion of every moment of each day, of turning toward God in thought and action constantly. Conversion means disregarding the concerns of the world, even denying pleasures to one’s self. (Zuercher, 87)   Conversion means abandoning the self to the will of God; understanding this led Merton to decide to join a monastery and become a priest. True happiness and true freedom come from giving all to God. The giving is easy and the rewards are great, says Merton. While this involves a kind of loss of self, in the end it allows for growth of the real self in God. Conclusion Merton’s life and that of the narrator of â€Å"The Divine Comedy† followed a same sequence. That narrator begins the poem in the middle of his life, and Merton wrote â€Å"The Seven Storey Mountain† in the middle of his life; he died at the untimely age of fifty-three. Works Cited Giroux, Robert. The Seven Storey Mountain. 50th anniversary ed. Introduction by. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1998. pg 145. Merton, Thomas. The Seven Storey Mountain. Harvest Books; Anv edition (1999). ISBN-10: 0156010860. pg 98-210. Zuercher, Suzanne. Merton: An Enneagram Profile. Notre Dame, Ind.: Ave Maria Press, 2001. pg 58-99.

Land Law Cases Analysis

Land Law Cases Analysis Kingsnorth Finance v Tizard [1986] 1 WLR 783 Mr and Mrs Tizard owned a matrimonial home on unregistered land. Mrs Tizard had contributed to it although it was in Mr Tizard’s name. Due to the breakdown of the matrimony Mrs Tizard spent time away from the home but returning daily to care for their children and to prepare herself for work and so often spending nights there to care for the children and leaving clothes at the property. Mr Tizard obtained a loan to which it was thought that the property was solely occupied by him and his children. Mr Tizard informing the surveyor that he and his wife were separated and that she was living outside of the property with someone else. The loan was consequently granted and Mr Tiazrd defaulted. The lenders sought to enforce the charge and the question was whether his wife’s equitable interest was defeated. This depended on whether the lender had actual or constructive notice of her rights. It was held that the plaintiff lender did have constructive notice of the wife’s rights. Their agent, the surveyor had been aware that a wife existed even through having been told the applicant was single and should have informed the lender of these contradictory facts. Given the wife’s confirmed existence further investigations should have been carried out by the plaintiffs. The occupation of the children in the house should have further alerted the surveyor as to possible occupation by their mother; Mr Tizard’s wife. Since the plaintiffs should have carried out further investigations as to the matters, they had constructive notice of the wife’s rights. Further, the fact that the inspection had been prearranged did not, in these circumstances, amount to a reasonable inspection. Caunce v Caunce [1969]1 WLR 286 A and B, intended to buy a property as a matrimonial home. It was agreed that a mortgage would be acquired in B’s name and that the property would be conveyed into their joint names. B contributed  £479.00 towards the cost of the property. But in breach of the agreement A obtained a conveyance of the property into his sole name. Without B’s knowledge A effect legal charges in favour of the bank to secure the amount lent to him. A became bankrupt and B commenced proceedings claiming that she had an equitable interest in the property and so that she was entitled to such interest free from the claims both of A’s trustee in bankruptcy and of the bank. The bank as mortgagee issued a summons seeking possession of the property. B claimed that A had held the house on trust for herself and the banks, also that the banks’ mortgages were charged only against the husband’s beneficial interest and that her interest had prior over that of the banks. She further claimed that the bankers had had constructive notice of her equitable interest in her property as she had held an account with them. It was held that the bank took free charge of her interest unless they had constructive notice of it. An enquiry into the wife’s account was not an enquiry the bank ought reasonably to have made and so there were no special facts which should have brought her interest to their attention. Mortgages were not affected with equitable interest of people residing in their property where that residence was not inconsistent with the title offered as security. They were not fixed with contrastive notice by failure to enquire. The mere fact of it being a matrimonial home did not raise a need to enquire; therefore, B’s interest was not free from the legal charge. In older cases the problem had mainly been that that the occupier, usually a wife with a beneficial interest in the family home, had been living with the registered proprietor in circumstances which are not indicative of any hostile claim. But in cases of unregistered land Stamp J in Caunce held that there would not be constructive notice of such a wife’s interests. In Williams Glyn Bank v Boland[1], the House of Lords faced similar facts in registered land. Lord Wilberforce was explicit in rejecting the relevance of the doctrine of notice. He was derisive as to the suggestion that a spouse may be subject to special rules and rejected the suggestions that actual occupation excludes occupation that is consistent with the mortgagor’s title. This test would be difficult to apply in modern circumstances as wives and other occupiers are likely to have proprietary interests. But two things must be distinguished; the first is in regards to a person who is living on land in circumstances illustrated in Caunce and Boland. That person cannot be denied to be in actual occupation in accordance with the interpretation of Stamp J: â€Å"If there is actual occupation, and the occupier had rights, the purchaser takes subject to them†¦..no further element is material.† Stamp J holding favour of the bank, also based his decision on the fact that it was quite unreasonable to expect a bank to make enquiries beyond the legal owner of the property, taking the view that;[2] â€Å"it is not in the public interest that the bank mortgages should be snoopers and busybodies in wholly normal transactions of mortgage.†[3] The courts have already concluded that where there is doubt as to whether there was actual occupation then it is looked to the question of whether the occupation would have been obvious to a purchaser.[4] Turning to Tizard, Judge Finaly QC was clear that there was actual occupation as the Boland test was applied even though the fats concerned unregistered land. Although the Mrs Tizard was no longer living there, her daily activities must be regarded sufficient to justify the result. Concluding The case law involving both unregistered and registered land before the 2002 Act suggests that proper enquiries were considered necessary. The leading authority in respect of unregistered land was Caunce where it was thought that notice of the presence of the wife did not of itself give the bank notice of her interest in the property. But in Tizard it was decided that the mortgagee may be fixed with notice of the co-owners interest by her actual occupation. In Tizard it was held that the bank did have constructive knowledge because the inspection took place on a Sunday in dubious circumstances.So far as registered land is concerned it will be a rare case where the beneficiary will both be in actual occupation and unaware of the banks charge. However, there may still be cases where the lender is ignorant of the beneficiarys interest. The Law Commission recommended[5] that occupation of the beneficiary claiming a beneficial interest should have been apparent on reasonably careful inspe ction and this recommendation has now been incorporated in Schedule 3 of the Land Registration Act 2002 in respect of registered dispositions. As emphasised by the Law Commission it was knowledge of the occupation that was important not knowledge of the interest claimed.In conclusion, the law as enacted in the 2002 Act combined with the cases since Boland[6] gives the lender a high degree of protection. Banks are likely to make standard enquiries and any failure to disclose will enable them to take free of the beneficiarys interest where, for example, a wife knows that her husband is charging the property. There may still be exceptional cases where the wife neither knew nor ought to have known of the husbands charge over the property or where the wife is in occupation through an agent[7] whose relationship to her is not obvious to an outsider. However, those cases are likely to remain rare. Considering the facts of these cases from a modern perspective; the problem here is the matter of presumption as well as occupation. The operation of presumptions in English law is problematic. There are situations established by case law in which is it presumed that the transfer of property manifests an intention to create a gift of that property. The two most usually cases are the transfer of property from father to child and from husband to wife. So the use of presumption in society today is questionable. There is no logic behind the reasoning that a presumption may exist behind the transfer between father and child if the transfer may not necessarily exist between mother and child. In the times when presumptions were created it would thought natural for the court to assume that a man would be obliged to provide for his wife and children. So it was presumed that a transfer of property to a wife or child was thought to be part of his obligation to maintain them. Yet this presumptio n did not exist between a wife and her husband as it was thought that women did not usually have a property of their own. At this time husbands and wives were thought to be one person[8]as the wife was merely â€Å"the shadow of her husband†.[9] Caunce very much reflects an era where women were considered to rarely own property of their own and were not often thought of as earning incomes and so were reliant on either their husbands or fathers. The presumption of advancement between husband and wife belonged to era were men were expected to look after women for the above reasons. It was only with Caunce, in 1969, that wives were finally accepted by English law as not being solely shadows of their husbands. This meant that for the first time women were entitled to have separate rights to property outside of the rights of their husbands. In 1970 with the influence of Lord Reid in his enlightened approach to rights of spouses in the matrimonial home, Pettitt v Pettitt[10] considered for the first time all the circumstances in recognising the existence of rights in the home, even at a time when women were not considered to have rights independent of their husbands. The matter of the juxtaposition of a women’s role in society and so her influence upon mortgage transactions due to her possible proprietary rights in property is not the sole principle to be considered in the light of these two cases. Due to the bench mark decision of Boland it was accepted that the restrictive approach taken in Caunce was no longer applicable and the ambit of reasonable enquiries extended to making enquiries of all occupiers of the property, despite the vendor also being in occupation.[11] The full extent of the purchaser’s task, considered in Tizard meant that the idea of investigations into all occupants of the household was now embraced. This meant that recognition was given to those living within a household living with the legal owner of the house may have rights deserving of protection when the property is mortgaged without their consent. Reference list Journals Hanbury, W., Overriding Interests under the Land Registration Act, 2002 – the Lender’s Perspective, 2005. 3 EMIS Property Service. Shea, T., Overriding Interests in Unregistered Land. Journal of International Banking Law. 1 (2), 125 – 127 Thompson, M.P., The Purchaser as Private Detective, 1986. Conveyancer and Property Lawyer, July – August 283 – 28 Bibliography Hudson, A., Equity and Trusts, 2004. Third Edition. Cavendish Publishing, London. Pearce, R Stevens, J., The Law of Trusts and Equitable Obligations, 2002, Third Edition. Butterworths, London. Smith, R. J., Property Law, 2003, Fourth Edition. Longman, London. Thompson, M. p., Modern Land Law, 2003. Second Edition. Oxford University Press Footnotes [1] (1981) AC 487; (1979) Ch 312 [2] Thompson, M. p., Modern Land Law at page 53 [3] Caunce v Caunce [1969]1 WLR 286 at 294 [4] Analysis of Mustill LJ in Lloyds Bank v Rosset (1989) Ch 350 [5] In â€Å"Land Registration for the 21st Century† (Law Com 254). [6] Ibid 1 [7] Per Lord Oliver in Abbey National BS v Cann (1991) 1 AC 56 [8] Hudson, A., Equity and Trusts at page 318 [9] Ibid 3 [10] (1970) AC 777 [11] Midland Bank Ltd v Farmpride Hatcheries Ltd (1981) 2 EGLR 147

Henry Carey :: essays research papers fc

Henry Charles Carey One of the most highly regarded and best known economist of the early eighteen hundreds was Henry Carey. Of all the many American economists in the first half of the nineteenth century, the best known, especially outside of America, was Henry Carey. Being born in Philadelphia, Carey's views were that typically of an American. The manor, in which he opposed other economists and established his own theories, distinguished him as a prominent figure not only in his hometown of Philadelphia but in the entire United States. He rejected Malthus and Ricardo on several grounds and accused them of deviating from the views of Adam Smith. His belief in the revision of economic thought stemmed from the fact that early classical thinking, developed in Europe, was not suitable for a newly discovered country such as the United States which consisted of abundant land and scarce labour. These aspects will be viewed in detail while examining Carey's principle theories. However, before tackling the unprecedented theories of Carey, a description of the man's life and career, and writings should first be examined. The Life of Henry Carey He was born in 1793 in Philadelphia. He was the son of a self-made Irish immigrant, Mathew Carey. His father, whom was a leader in early American economic thinking, emigrated from Ireland on account of the political upheaval during the time. Henry Carey was also self taught and in 1821 at the age of twenty-eight assumed ownership of his fathers printing press. Carey who was a largely self-educated man, retired from active business at forty-two in order to devote the rest of his life to his literary career. Carey was known for his enormous published output. Many believe his quantity took away from the meaning he was trying to corroborate because it was rambling, repetitious, and diffused the message. The publications included thirteen books, about three thousand pages of published tracts, and perhaps an equal quantity of newspaper articles, editorials and correspondence covering economic and political topics. Here is a list of Carey=s most creditable works: Essay on the Rate of Wages (1835), The Principles of Political Economy (1837-1840), The Credit System of France, Great Britian and the United States (1838), An Answer to the Questions: What Constitutes Currency? What are the Causes of its Unsteadiness? And what is the Remedy? (1840), The Past, Present, and the Future (1848), The Harmony of Interest (1851), The Principles of Social Science (1857-1860), and The Unity of Laws as Exhibited in the Relations of Physical, Social, Mental, and Moral Science (1872).

the bill of rights :: essays research papers

Through out the history of the United State of America many events have been seen and passed, all to leave their mark with our nation. As time ages people change along with our government. Many of these changes occur in our government affect our daily lives. Impacts of these severities are a direct result of our ever changing Amendments, which our Founding Fathers layed apon us. The Constitution said by many to have "stood the test of time" has lasted through many centuries through the use of the ever flexible amendments. During the earlier eras of the United States of America, few had hope in the idea of a government with a central power in the thoughts of the confederates. Although time in and time out this idea seems to be banished within the shadows of the proven government. The constitution changing frequently in order to adapt to quickness americcan life. By the use of amendments the Bill of rights are extended and modified to mold and shape to the society and its nearby surrounding. Ideas conveying the change include the thirtenth Amendment which put an end to slavery and all of its extensions in eigthteen sixty five. The southern states of the nation were allowed to enforce unwilling labor at little or no cost at all to the owners. By the end of the inhuman tradition suggested the nation was snowballing into revolution of change which allowed the government prove their ability to keep current with society. Along with the gaining of Blacks rights and the abolishment of slavery came the gra nted right of voting. Black citizens were bared from voting until late eighteen seventies. The fifteenth amendment offically proctected the Black man right to vote and also allowed congress to "pass laws needed to enforce this amendment." Clearly one is able to view the Constitutions ability to mend the Bill of rights with amendments to grant a viable form of justice. Blod manuvers from the governmnet, has displayed to the society as well as the nation, protection is granted to where is most important. Our granted rights changing in time. Recent periods of evolution and application of our Civil constitution does not date far into our nations history. Amendments have altered the way inwhich citizens vote and gain the ability to vote. In the early nineteen seventies an age of eighteen years old was set to allow one to cast their vote in natioal, state, and local elections. the bill of rights :: essays research papers Through out the history of the United State of America many events have been seen and passed, all to leave their mark with our nation. As time ages people change along with our government. Many of these changes occur in our government affect our daily lives. Impacts of these severities are a direct result of our ever changing Amendments, which our Founding Fathers layed apon us. The Constitution said by many to have "stood the test of time" has lasted through many centuries through the use of the ever flexible amendments. During the earlier eras of the United States of America, few had hope in the idea of a government with a central power in the thoughts of the confederates. Although time in and time out this idea seems to be banished within the shadows of the proven government. The constitution changing frequently in order to adapt to quickness americcan life. By the use of amendments the Bill of rights are extended and modified to mold and shape to the society and its nearby surrounding. Ideas conveying the change include the thirtenth Amendment which put an end to slavery and all of its extensions in eigthteen sixty five. The southern states of the nation were allowed to enforce unwilling labor at little or no cost at all to the owners. By the end of the inhuman tradition suggested the nation was snowballing into revolution of change which allowed the government prove their ability to keep current with society. Along with the gaining of Blacks rights and the abolishment of slavery came the gra nted right of voting. Black citizens were bared from voting until late eighteen seventies. The fifteenth amendment offically proctected the Black man right to vote and also allowed congress to "pass laws needed to enforce this amendment." Clearly one is able to view the Constitutions ability to mend the Bill of rights with amendments to grant a viable form of justice. Blod manuvers from the governmnet, has displayed to the society as well as the nation, protection is granted to where is most important. Our granted rights changing in time. Recent periods of evolution and application of our Civil constitution does not date far into our nations history. Amendments have altered the way inwhich citizens vote and gain the ability to vote. In the early nineteen seventies an age of eighteen years old was set to allow one to cast their vote in natioal, state, and local elections.

The Poetry of Simon Armitage Essay -- Papers

The Poetry of Simon Armitage Simon Armitage was born in Marsden, West Yorkshire in 1963. He studied Geography at Portsmouth, and Psychology at Manchester, qualified as a social worker and worked for six years as a probation officer. He has also worked as a shelf stacker, disc jockey and lathe operator. He is now a freelance writer and broadcaster. His work includes song lyrics, plays and scripts for TV and radio. Armitage's first collection, Zoom, was published by Bloodaxe in 1989. Subsequent poetry books, all published by Faber, include Kid (1992), Book of Matches (1993), The Dead Sea Poems (1995), Moon Country (1996) and CloudCuckooLand(1997). Untitled Poem: "I am very bothered when I think..." This poem comes from Book of Matches, 1993. It appears to be based on memories of Armitage's schooldays. He says that: "most poetry has to come from personal experience of one kind or another." The first two lines actually come from a probation service questionnaire, but Armitage has chosen to use them in a different context. Here he tells the story of a science lab prank that went wrong. The person in the poem heated up a pair of tongs and then handed them to another person, presumably a girl. This girl innocently slipped them onto her fingers and was badly burnt. The doctor said that she would be "marked for eternity" by the ring-shaped scars. The narrator claims now that he was using this as a way of attracting her attention: "that was just my butterfingered way, at thirteen, of asking you if you would marry me." The language in stanza two emphasises this idea of a marriage proposal with words such as ... ... * What was the final demand? * What did the note of explanation say? From all these details we can guess what might have happened, but we cannot know for certain. But this does not matter: it's the thought processes involved that are more important. The structure of the poem is a series of rhyming couplets, although some of them are not complete rhymes. The opening couplet sets up a steady, regular rhythm. This is orderly and satisfying and perhaps suggests the "regularity of police methods". The longer lines have four beats and the shorter ones have two beats, until the last two lines, where the regular rhythm seems to break down. "That was everything" is ambiguous: it could mean that the list has finished, or it could mean that the ring is the item that was most important. It finishes off the poem.

Legionnaire`s disease

Since the identification of Legionella two decades ago, a significant amount of information has accumulated concerning the microbiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, control, and therapy of infections caused by these organisms. The number of species in the genus Legionella has increased dramatically. Legionella is considered to be responsible for 2–13% of cases of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization (Brieman and Butler, 1998). The various Legionella species can cause two distinct diseases: a severe form of pneumonia known as Legionnaire disease or a less serious, influenza-like illness known as Pontiac fever, which is generally recognized only during those outbreaks in which a cluster of cases of Legionella pneumonia sparks an epidemiologic investigation that uncovers these less serious infections. Microbiology The organism is a Gram-negative bacillus. There are currently 42 described species of Legionellae representing 64 serogroups in the family (Benson and Fields, 1998). Legionellaceae and the genus Legionella. The phenotypic characteristics of Legionellae are defined by growth requirements, and biochemical characteristics including fatty acid analysis and ubiquinone analysis, protein profiles, carbohydrate analysis, serology, monoclonal antibodies, and molecular techniques (DNA-DNA hybridization). L. pneumophila is a facultative intracellular pathogen that invades and replicates within free-living protozoa (i.e. amoeba) and mammalian cells (Benson and Fields, 1998). Within natural environments, L. pneumophila can persist as a free-living microbe, but it replicates exclusively as an intracellullar parasite within amoeba. L. pneumophila causes Legionnaire's disease by replication in alveolar macrophages and monocytes. During infection the Legionnaire's disease bacterium survives and multiplies within a specialized phagosome that is near neutral pH and does not fuse with host lysozymes. Studies show that the regulation of macrophage resistance versus susceptibility to infection is mediated by specific genetic mechanisms. The induction of cytokines by Legionella can activate immune cells, especially T helper cells. Activated macrophages restrict the growth of Legionella (Segal and Shuman, 1998) Epidemiology Cases can occur in clusters or sporadically from the community or in the hospital setting. The disease is much more common than previously appreciated with at least 13 000 cases estimated to occur per year in the United States (Brieman and Butler, 1998). There may also be local environmental factors that are important and still not well defined. Although immunosuppressed patients and specifically transplant patients seem to have a higher risk of developing Legionnaire's disease, there are many more non-immunosuppressed individuals in the community who may be infected with Legionella. nvestigations into community outbreaks still find cooling towers to be a source of the Legionella Clinical manifestation Luttichau et al(1998) investigated an outbreak of Pontiac fever in children and adults, caused by a contaminated whirlpool. The authors isolated L. pneumophila serogroup OLDA from one of the children and believe that this represents the first reported culture-confirmed case of Pontiac fever. The outbreak was characterized by a short incubation period, influenza-like symptoms, and rapid recoveries, all features typical of Pontiac fever. The median incubation period for the children was shorter (43 h) than for the adults (70 h). The median duration of the illness was 87 h for the children versus 61 h for the adults. The most common symptoms noted by the adults were fever, dizziness, headache, cough, fatigue, arthralgia and abdominal pain. Ear pain and rash were more common in children. Diagnosis The diagnosis of Legionnaire's disease remains troublesome in many hospitals. Serological studies are useful too late for the clinician and cultures must be incubated for at least 3 days. Legionella urinary antigen assays are useful early in clinical disease but the kits that are currently available only identify patients with disease caused by L. pneumophila serogroup 1. Recent improvements in the methodology for performing polymerase chain reaction on bronchoalveolar lavage solutions are encouraging (Chiba etal, 1998) Treatment Antimicrobial agents generally considered clinically effective for Legionella infections include macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and rifampins. In a study several new antimicrobial agents with in-vitro activities against Legionellae that were found   better than those of erythromycin; included were a new rifampin-like drug, rifapentine, dalfopristin-quinupristin, and a new ketolide (HMR3647). The advantages of the quinolone agents include bactericidal activity against Legionella and a prolonged post-antibiotic effect whereas erythromycin is only inhibitory. In an additional study using HL-60 cells to evaluate new macrolides, Stout et al (1998)documented that the most active inhibitors of L. pneumophila intracellular multiplication were (in order of activity) azithromycin, erythromycin, roxithromycin, dirithromycin and clarithromycin. In a recent editorial, Edelstein (1998) suggested that azithromycin or one of the more active fluoroquinolones should be used in preference to erythromycin for the treatment of Legionnaire's disease in immunocompromised patients, based on their greater in-vitro activity as well as their better pharmacodynamic properties. In addition to producing a potentially better outcome, these agents will often improve patient compliance because of fewer side-effects and the shorter duration of therapy. Conclusion Infections caused by Legionella spp. are a significant cause of morbidity and occasionally mortality. The projected number of cases of infection caused by Legionella spp. are much greater than those reported to CDC's surveillance system, indicating both underdiagnosis and under-reporting. Hopefully, new information concerning the molecular biology and pathogenesis will provide a better understanding of infection caused by these organisms. Recent studies suggest that the newer macrolides and newer fluoroquinolones are the optimal agents for these organisms. References 1 Benson RF, Fields BS. Classification of the genus Legionella. Semin Respir Infect 1998; 13:90-99. A comprehensive update of the microbiology and tetonomy of Legionellae 2 Breiman RF, Butler JC. Legionnaire's disease: clinical, epidemiological, and public health perspectives. Semin Respir Infect 1998; 13:84-89 3 Segal G, Shuman HA. How is the intracellular fate of the Legionella pneumophila phagosome determined? Trends Microbiol 1998; 6:253-255. 4 Luttichau HR, Vinther C, Uldum SA, Moller J, Faber M, Jensen J. An outbreak of Pontiac fever among children following use of a whirlpool. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26:1374-1378. 5 Chiba Y, Okamoto H, Nagatomo A, Kunikare H, Watanabe . Legionnaire's disease diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage. Int Med 1998; 37:153-156. 6 Stout JE, Arnold B, Yu VL. Activity of azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, dirithromycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin and erythromycin against Legionella species by intracellular susceptibility testing in HL-60 cells. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41:289-291 7 Edelstein PH. Antimicrobial chemotherapy for Legionnaire's disease: time for a change. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129:328-330.      

Blackrock Essay Domestic violence Essay

Playwrights have various conventions at their disposal to position the audience to respond to the themes and issues that are presented. Nick Enright’s play Blackrock depicts the lives of teenagers in a community. Enright uses various techniques such as characterisation, dialogue, the plot and the setting to elicit a response to the issues. This includes the issue of youth culture, violence against women, masculinity and double standards. Blackrock positions the audience to see how the youth culture in society has become a major social issue. Through the plot we learn how teenagers are able to purchase alcohol and host parties which are unsupervised by adults. In scene six, Toby is able to purchase, â€Å"a supermarket trolley stacked with beer,† for his party. From viewing this scene we learn that it is socially accepted in society to purchase and supply alcohol at a party. Enright positions the audience to question how teenagers are easily able to attain alcohol and why no adults intervened to stop the party. We are also positioned to predict an upcoming conflict as In many cases alcohol can lead to other issues such violence. A major issue in the play is that of violence against women. Through Enright’s use of characterisation and dialogue, we discover that it is a prominent issue throughout the play as it appear in numerous scenes. In scene fourteen we discover that Tracy Warner had been murdered after being sexually assaulted by three men. While later on in scene twenty-one, Ricko threatens Tiffany with violence. â€Å"You looking for a smack in the mouth? â€Å" These scenes elicit a response from the audience to again question why men would resort to threatening women, let alone assault them. They are also encouraged to view violence against women as pathetic because characters such as Ricko are weak. The theme of masculinity is prominent throughout the play. Physical strength and other male attitudes are revealed The audience are positioned to respond to the theme through Enright’s use of drama conventions such as the setting and characterisation. The setting in scene nineteen is in a local gymnasium where two males are boxing. Boxing is stereotyped as being a masculine sport as men fight to prove who is stronger and more powerful. As the audience we are positioned to see how males feel the need to be masculine to impress their friends by being stronger. The theme of double standards again appears throughout the play. Women in numerous scenes are treated differently and marginalised to males simply because of their gender. Enright’s use of dialogue and characterisation positions the audience to see how women received different treatment to men. In scene five Cherie is unable to attend the party because she would be unable to defend herself as she is a woman. As the audience we are positioned to feel sympathetic towards her. Another example of double standards is in scene sixteen. â€Å"Jared can take care of himself. Cherie’s got to learn the way the world works.† Here we are positioned to see how women are seen as weak and fragile and that only men can look after themselves. Playwrights are able to use many drama conventions which can be used to postion the audience to respond to ideas, themes and issues. Blackrock by Nick Enright represents the issue of violence against women, the youth culture in society, masculinity and double standards. Enright’s use of drama conventions such as characterisation, dialogue and the setting is effective in positioning the audience to respond to these issues in scenes throughout the play.

Compare the opening sequences of the film Essay

I have chosen to compare the opening sequence of â€Å"Hannibal† with that of the opening of the classic crime thriller â€Å"Reservoir Dogs. To accurately make comparisons of the two openings it is essential that I study the sound, the use of colour, camera work, lighting text and mise en scene. Not only stating what is there but also why. This has been achieved by first connotating and dennotating each opening. I watched both openings numerous times, both in class and at home. This made it possible for me to decisively analyse and then compare the two openings. The opening sequence of â€Å"Hannibal† begins with a black frame and a sound bridge which consists of a conversation between two people, the voices and content of the conversation are unclear but grab the audiences attention as you need to focus to attempt make out what’s going on. There is calming music being played, piano music, very soft as not to take our attention away from the voices but just to create a subdued atmosphere. From the bottom right hand corner of the screen a small box with an image in it approaches at a slow but steady pace. The camera is revolving around the image. The box gradually begins to enlarge and takes over from the black frame. The reasoning for this technique is so that the audience is immediately involved with the scene, instead of the opening scene just being there, a certain amount of suspense and tension is created as the audience wait to see whether their own interpretations are correct. This is an insight into how the rest of the film is going to go. The main themes and plot are not there in black and white instead you, the audience are invited to read between the lines and go along with Agent Clarice and solve the case. The camera then pans across slowly and what unfolds before us is a significant opening into the storyline. The pace and angle of movement of the camera make it perceivable that the audience is in the form of another person entering the room. The sluggishness of the camera gets the audience waiting in anticipation, you are eager to put a face to the two voices that have been heard throughout. The two colours immediately evident through the interior and lighting are a chilling blue and a fierce red. These are extremely relevant, for the reason that blue is the colour associated with Starling throughout the film, representing her loneliness in her search for Hannibal. Red is a symbol of Hannibal, conveying his murderous characteristics and his dangerous ways. The interior is of a very regal house, this is symbolic of Hannibal himself because previously it has been seen that however disturbed he may be he has to some extent a certain degree of class, in terms of choice of music, arts, food (other than flesh). The two characters are the doctor from the hospital Hannibal was once a resident at and the other a victim of Hannibal, an extremely disfigured man. This acts as a re-introduction to Hannibal, and what he is capable of inflicting on his victims. The conversation progresses between the two and the audience are then witness to four close ups in succession, two of which are over the shoulder shots, enabling us to view the others reaction to what has been said to them. The choice of close ups allow the audience to get an understanding of both characters through facial expressions, who they are and what role they have to play in the story. The doctor appears as the good character whereas the victim appears as the bitter evil character this can be defined by their characteristics, posture and context of their conversation. The scene develops further, with the conversation taking a more direct approach to what is to be the climax of the scene, the introduction of the mask. There are a string of mid shots which present us with more background on both characters. The doctor is wearing some sort of professional nurse’s uniform and â€Å"Cardel† is wearing a suit fitted to his mangled body, although suggesting that he has a certain amount of wealth and social status. As the conversation continues there are two more close-ups which coincide with important parts of the conversation. An example of this is when the word â€Å"thousand† is spoken. This could be seen as a symbolic message, representing the extent of pain â€Å"Cardel† has be subjected to or the extent of revenge he wishes to inflict on Hannibal. The scene ends with a close up gradually changing into an enlarged extreme close up of the mask which is to be the artefact of the movie. The mask takes up the entire screen before fading away into the blackness of the original opening shot. The fact that there has been a cycle from black through to black could suggest that the story may be similar in that there is no answer instead an encircling cat and mouse saga. From the first scene the editing has been very smooth and gradual, there appears to be no rush to get the audience to the story, maybe implying that the story will come to the audience. The mask fades out again at no great pace and then â€Å"Hannibal† appears in a red font, as if to bring fear to the audience. The scene commencing is of a more complexed nature there are more shots with the editing being more sharp and severe. There are a chain of short shots, no longer than a few seconds which are all related to Hannibal in some form. The technique used is to convey that all the images have been taken from a security camera, recording the events of the town centre of Italy, which is a bustling constant moving place, no dramatic incidents just people walking through the streets and cars driving through traffic. The shots have been edited to appear faster than real time. This is another link in with the story line, although there may be no overly dramatic sub-plots there are plenty of twists which will keep the audience alert. Flickered in between these shots, are an image of a brain. The shot is so sudden that the audience only just have enough time to be taken aback let alone comprehend the significance, the fact that Hannibal later eats a brain. There use of pigeons are a link to the â€Å"silence of the lambs† when Hannibal describes Clarice as a pigeon and comes in handy when Hannibal’s face is displayed amongst the pigeons for a few seconds. This technique of suspending time is a method used twice in this scene, the other being when the camera focuses briefly on a man who’s appearance is much similar to that of Hannibal, but we are left unsure whether it is him or not. Either way we are again reintroduced to Hannibal as a physical character rather than just a theme. There are many images of flesh, a representation of cannibalism which is a key theme associated with â€Å"Hannibal†. The shot of the pigs links in with the events later in the film, when the hungry pigs are unleashed to destroy Hannibal. This theme has been carried on from the Hannibal trilogy. Police officers are also used signify the factor of crime and deviance used by both Hannibal and fellow FBI agents of Clarice. The opening scene of â€Å"Reservoir Dogs† has a duration of 7 and half minutes which is exceedingly long for an opening. For a good 6 minutes neither the setting, camera angle nor characters change within the first scene. This makes it a relatively easy opening to analyse although there are many artefacts and themes which are relevant to the rest of the film and must be mentioned. The opening shot is a black frame with a voice over of â€Å"Mr Pink† talking about Madonna. The black frame doesn’t last too long and soon we are introduced to the setting which we are to be subjected to for the next 7 minutes. It is a cheap breakfast dinner. Immediately the audience are placed right next to the main table. It is obvious that the dinner is cheap because of the interior the curtains have a corny appearance, the pictures on the wall look inexpensive the lighting is very false and the condiments on the table are plastic. The camera remains the same throughout, endlessly circling, giving the appearance of a shy little boy wandering around the table always focusing on whoever is speaking or making a gesture of importance, rarely giving us a clean shot of their faces but just enough to introduce the audience to the principle characters. The gangsters light cigarettes and drink coffee, the conversation diverges into that of the origins of Madonna’s song â€Å"Like a virgin† and a few other tedious subject come into play. All the way through we are given extensive time to learn about the 8 men all sitting around the table. All the men bar one are dressed up in the stereotypical gangster outfit, a black suit, white shirt and black tie. This is part of mise en scene, introducing us to the concept of a â€Å"crew† of gangsters all together for a reason. Their appearance however stereotypical is very simplistic and that could be what they are expecting of their proposed heist, this later comes out as irony because the heist is far from simple. There is one man who is not in a suit and that is â€Å"Nice Guy Eddie† he is though in another form of stereotypical gangster attire. He is wearing a blue shell suit, opened up enough to show his big gold necklace on top of his hairy chest. This makes him out to be somebody of importance, maybe the â€Å"boss†. The atmosphere is very smoky, which is a sharp contrast on top of the easily wipeable tables and disposable napkins, this could again be a representation of their plans becoming clouded by unforeseen circumstances. After taking in what is before us the audience begin to want reasoning for why eight gangsters are all together in such a cheap establishment, and it is apparent that they want to be inconspicuous, avoid any unwanted attention from the authorities. This builds up a sense of anticipation, there is now a distinct impression that violence is going to rain. There is another key shot that implies a sense of violence and that is when â€Å"Joe† steps up to pay the bill, the camera pans up and we are given a glimpse of his gun. This is the first sign of possible bloodshed, this builds on the previous sense of anticipation.

The Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain and Body: a Literature Review

Running Head: EFFECTS OF HEROIN ON A PERSON The Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain and Body: A Literature Review Heather Huber Walden University Psych 8226-04 Biopsychology Dr. John Redmon August 18, 2010 Abstract This literature review looks at the detrimental effects of heroin. Since many heroin users often become addicted, it is important to look at its ramifications. Beginning with a brief history of the substance, then discussing treatment programs for those who have problems with heroin abuse, this paper helps to better understand logical reasons that heroin is an illegal substance.The Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain and Body: A Literature Review Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine, is an illegal drug in the United States and many other countries. Heroin has devastating results on the brain and body. This paper looks at heroin’s history, its consequences on the brain and body, addiction possibilities, and available options for treatment for hero in abusers. What is Heroin? Chemical make-up Breaking down the parts of the word, diacetylmorphine, di means two, acetyl is a radical derived from acetic acid, and morphine is a drug derived from the opium poppy plant used to relieve pain.Heroin, on the street, is generally not pure. Drug dealers often add other things in the drug to stretch their dollar (Furst, 2000). The term for adding things to a drug is called cutting it. According to Furst, easily attainable items, such as lactose and milk sugar, can cut heroin. Quinine, a psychoactive drug that enhances the heroin high, is also a common choice. History Upon researching the history of heroin, very few research articles were located. Many tend to focus on its results in present day life.Unfortunately, this inequity of information in Walden University’s academic databases, the internet provided much of the information regarding the history of heroin. Using vigilant discernment and precise judgment, the following informati on appeared relevant and valuable in understanding the path of heroin. Heinrich Dreser, an employee of the Bayer Company (the same as today’s Bayer Asprin), first discovered heroin in 1895 by diluting morphine (PBS, 1998).It was later that heroin was advertised and sold as an over-the-counter medication. Acknowledged for having the pain relieving effects of morphine, without the side effects and addictions, heroin became the new choice for pain relief. Unfortunately, a researcher in Bayer laboratories unethically withheld the truth of this information (HeroinAbuse. Net, 2007; PBS, 1998). The use, abuse, and addiction to heroin grew in the United States, and around the world, throughout the early 1900s.Access to heroin on the streets, despite its illegal status, became easier and soon it became a headliner when American celebrities (Janis Joplin, John Belushi, and Kurt Cobain, to name a few) overdosed and died due to use of the drug and its mixture with other illegal substance s (PBS, 1998). Today, heroin is still illegal, but is prominent in the lives of many who use or know someone who uses. Effects of Heroin on the Brain Drugs become illegal usually due to the negative consequences.Franken, Stam, Hendriks, and van den Brink (2004) found that heroin can have a negative result on the brain by limiting and exciting different areas leading the long time abuser to have negative characteristics similar to both Alzheimer’s patients and individuals with multiple sclerosis (dementia and brain lesions, respectively). While their study shared a lot about long-term users of heroin, it failed to present information regarding limited-use of heroin users. It is valuable information to know how heroin use affects both groups. The difference between users and abusers will be discussed in the addiction section of this paper. Li, et al. 2005) discovered major disruptions in the cerebral cortex and central nervous system when they autopsied accidental deaths of her oin addicts. While it is challenging to study the definitive effects of heroin on the brain in patients while alive, postmortem patients provide valuable information regarding the effects of heroin use on the brain. While traces of heroin were found throughout the brain, they discovered a larger amount in the hippocampus and the basal ganglia (Li, et al. , 2005). These heroin cells left lesions in the brain, which could have lead to decreased blood flow to the organs and even death (Li, et al. , 2005).It is clear that the brain is affected by the use of heroin, next we will look at the effects of heroin on the body. Effects of Heroin on the Body Heroin affects vision. Firth (2005) studied its effects. Many heroin users reported double vision (diplopia); the author thought it was important to see whether it was a temporary or permanent condition. Eye exercises or specially made glasses corrected the majority of diplopic conditions. Shao, et al. (2006), tested and found that those wit h the DRD4 VNTR long repeat allele were more likely to crave heroin after seeing heroin related stimuli, than with the similar DRD4 VNTR short repeat allele.This type of research provides information to future researchers to study this particular allele and perhaps find a â€Å"cure† for heroin addiction. While this may not be the only part of the human body that shows addiction tendencies towards heroin, it is a stepping-stone towards a future of understanding heroin addiction and maybe generalizes that information towards addictions to any substance. Addiction Addiction, in general, has been viewed from many different angles. Many influences encourage one to begin using a substance.O’Brien (2003) states that when discussing addition agent variable, there are three categories to take into consideration. First, agent variables include the onset and duration of the high, and price of the substance. Second, host variables include a risk-taking personality, likeliness of the person to get high, hereditary influences, and a desire to self-medicate. Lastly, environmental variables include peer pressure, and the use of a substance by a role model. These three groups of variables are important to take into consideration when identifying and analyzing an addiction.Viewing addiction from two perspectives, it is in one’s brain, or addiction is a chronic disease (O’Brien, 2003). Research has found that brain mapping is different in the brain of an addict than it is in the brain of a non-addict. Applying the disease approach to addiction, relapses are common and cannot be helped. The philosophy resembles the thoughts such as â€Å"would you punish a diabetic for having a sugar crash? † Many times the ideas behind addiction are challenging for people to comprehend when they have not had an addiction themselves or seen another person go through it.It is important for researchers to study addiction so that we can better understand it and he lp those who are addicted to substances. According to the DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), an addiction to heroin would be classified as an opioid dependence. The characteristics of a person who is dependent upon heroin (a member of the opioid family) include the use of the drug without a prescription, self-medicating, obsession with obtaining the drug, high tolerance for the drug, and withdrawal symptoms when use is abruptly ended.Chiang, et al. (2006), looked at the likelihood of relapse for heroin users and found that of their 166 heroin abusers, approximately 80% of them relapsed in the five-year study. This is a larger percentage and ties into the idea of heroin addiction being a chronic disease that affects an individual throughout their life. Treatment With relapse having such prevalence in the life of heroin abusers trying to abstain, finding a successful treatment program is an important task. Blanken, et al. 2005), found significant success in programs t hat utilized a mix of heroin and methadone as a treatment to curb withdrawal symptoms, over those that used only methadone. One may question the help of using an addictive substance to treat an addiction, but it is similar to the idea of weaning a child off breast milk by slowly introducing bottles alongside the breast. While it takes some time for the weaning process, it decreases the likelihood of relapse. Gossop, Stewart, and Marsden (2006) found that participants in a methadone treatment program, who received drug related counseling, were less likely to elapse than those who received generic or no counseling. This is important information for clinics that have methadone treatments programs because they can use the research to enhance their programs to better fit their patients and help in their treatments. Research (Marissen, et al. , 2006) has found that in-patient patients, who showed interest towards heroin related cues, were more likely to relapse after treatment, than those who did not show interest in the cues. The next steps for future research may include assessing whether the desire for heroin makes treatment more difficult.Whether an addict has a problem in their brain, or whether they have a chronic disease, heroin use and abuse is a grave topic for consideration (O’Brien, 2003). From the characteristics that push a person to first try heroin, to the nagging need for the high of just one more hit, the drug is a dangerous chemical that can have serious repercussions on both the brain and the body. Researcher need to continue their work in examining heroin as a chemical, drug, and addictive substance in order to assist in the best treatment for its use. With continued research, there may be a cure for heroin addiction, or even addiction itself.References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Ed, Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Blanken, P. , Hend riks, V. M. , Koeter, M. W. J. , van Ree, J. 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