Horneys Theory of Neurotic Needs

Horney's Theory of Neurotic Needs Theories Personality Psychology Print Karen Horneys Theory of Neurotic Needs By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on November 26, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on November 26, 2019 OJO Images for Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Affection and Approval Focused on Partner Unobtrusive Life Power Exploiting Others Prestige Personal Admiration Personal Achievement Self-Sufficiency and Independence Perfection and Unassailability View All Back To Top Have you ever known someone who seemed to have a pathological need to be liked by others? According to theorist Karen Horney, this behavior is due to a neurotic need for affection and approval. In her book Self-Analysis (1942), Horney outlined her theory of neurosis, describing different types of neurotic behavior as a result of overusing coping strategies to deal with basic anxiety. These behaviors include such things as the neurotic needs for power, prestige, and affection. So what are some of the different types of neurotic needs that people use to manage anxiety? Lets take a closer look at the three broad categories of needs and the needs identified by Horney in this overview of her theory of neurotic needs. An Overview of Horneys Theory of Neurotic Needs Psychoanalytic theorist Karen Horney developed one of the best-known theories of neurosis. She believed that neurosis resulted from basic anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships. Horneys theory proposes that strategies used to cope with anxiety can be overused, causing them to take on the appearance of needs. According to Horney, basic anxiety (and therefore neurosis) could result from a variety of things including, . . . direct or indirect domination, indifference, erratic behavior, lack of respect for the childs individual needs, lack of real guidance, disparaging attitudes, too much admiration or the absence of it, lack of reliable warmth, having to take sides in parental disagreements, too much or too little responsibility, over-protection, isolation from other children, injustice, discrimination, unkept promises, hostile atmosphere, and so on and so on (Horney, 1945). These 10 neurotic needs can be classed into three broad categories: Needs that move you towards others.These neurotic needs cause individuals to seek affirmation and acceptance from others and are often described as needy or clingy as they seek out approval and love.Needs that move you away from others.These neurotic needs to create hostility and antisocial behavior. These individuals are often described as cold, indifferent, and aloof.Needs that move you against others.These neurotic needs result in hostility and a need to control other people. These individuals are often described as difficult, domineering, and unkind. Well-adjusted individuals utilize all three of these strategies, shifting focus depending on internal and external factors. So what is it that makes these coping strategies neurotic? According to Horney, it is the overuse of one or more of these interpersonal styles. Neurotic people tend to utilize two or more of these ways of coping, creating conflict, turmoil, and confusion. In her book Self-Analysis (1942), Horney outlined the 10 neurotic needs she had identified: 1. The Neurotic Need for Affection and Approval This need? includes the desires to be liked, to please other people, and meet the expectations of others. People with this type of need are extremely sensitive to rejection and criticism and fear the anger or hostility of others. 2. The Neurotic Need for a Partner Who Will Take Over One’s Life This involves the need to be centered on a partner. People with this need suffer extreme fear of being abandoned by their partner. Oftentimes, these individuals place an exaggerated importance on love and believe that having a partner will resolve all of life’s troubles. 3. The Neurotic Need to Restrict One’s Life Within Narrow Borders Individuals with this need prefer to remain inconspicuous and unnoticed. They are undemanding and content with little. They avoid wishing for material things, often making their own needs secondary and undervaluing their own talents and abilities. 4. The Neurotic Need for Power Individuals with this need seek power for its own sake. They usually praise strength, despise weakness, and will exploit or dominate other people. These people fear personal limitations, helplessness, and uncontrollable situations. 5. The Neurotic Need to Exploit Others These individuals view others in terms of what can be gained through association with them. People with this need generally pride themselves on their ability to exploit other people and are often focused on manipulating others to obtain desired objectives, including such things as ideas, power, money, or sex. 6. The Neurotic Need for Prestige Individuals with a need for prestige value themselves in terms of public recognition and acclaim. Material possessions, personality characteristics, professional accomplishments, and loved ones are evaluated based on prestige value. These individuals often fear public embarrassment and loss of social status. 7. The Neurotic Need for Personal Admiration Individuals with a neurotic need for personal admiration are narcissistic and have an exaggerated self-perception. They want to be admired based on this imagined self-view, not upon how they really are. 8. The Neurotic Need for Personal Achievement According to Horney, people push themselves to achieve greater and greater things as a result of basic insecurity. These individuals fear failure and feel a constant need to accomplish more than other people and to top even their own earlier successes. 9. The Neurotic Need for Self-Sufficiency and Independence These individuals exhibit a “loner” mentality, distancing themselves from others in order to avoid being tied down or dependent upon other people. 10. The Neurotic Need for Perfection and Unassailability These individuals constantly strive for complete infallibility. A common feature of this neurotic need is searching for personal flaws in order to quickly change or cover up these perceived imperfections. A Word From Verywell While neuroticism is no longer considered a mental health diagnosis, researchers continue to investigate this aspect of personality. While popular culture often paints neurotic behaviors as quirky and cute, neurosis may play a role in mood and anxiety problems. By addressing these issues, people can often improve their overall mental health and wellness.   Recognizing your own neurotic tendencies can help you better understand your own behaviors. Researchers have found that mindfulness, or being aware of your own thoughts, might be a useful approach for combating the neurotic, negative thoughts that contribute to worry and anxiety.?? Replacing neurotic coping behaviors with more healthy actions can help you better manage anxiety and protect your interpersonal relationships.

Caves as Symbol of Chaos Essay - 1662 Words

The use of caves in mythology to depict darkness and abandonment has branded it as a symbol of chaos. From this perception other associations are made which connect the cave to prejudices, malevolent spirits, burial sites, sadness, resurrection and intimacy. It is a world to which only few venture, and yet its mysticism has attracted the interest of philosophers, religious figures and thinkers throughout history. These myths are exemplified in Homer’s quot;Odyssey,quot; where the two worlds of mortals and immortals unite in the eternal cave. To Plato, the cave represents the confusion between reality and falsehood. Individuals chained deep within the recesses of the cave mistake their shadows for physical existence. These†¦show more content†¦It becomes a system both unstable and lawless, and survival as a guest in such a cave is only accomplished through the complete submission to the sovereign. In Odysseus’ encounter with the Cyclops, it is his disregard for Polyphemos’ authority that costs him the lives of several companions, and ultimately a ten year delay on his return home. The land of the Cyclops epitomizes darkness, chaos, and abandonment; where the only law exists past the entrance of the cave. From the island’s shore a quot;high wall of...bouldersquot;2 can be seen encircling each cave. Clearly impossible of being accomplished by mortals, massive walls of similar description found standing after the Persian Wars were also thought by ancient Greeks to be the work of the Cyclops. Unfamiliar to this system of power, Odysseus disregards these laws and enters the cave without an invitation. For this reason, Polyphemos implicates his own punishment onto the trespassers, and kills six men. In order to escape the wrath of the Cyclops, Odysseus eventually blinds him, an offense which falls under the jurisdiction of Poseidon, and for which he ultimately pays throughout his wanderings. The uncontrollable winds next direct Odysseus through a narrow strait outlined by rocks and cliffs through which he must pass to return home. On these cliffs which stand opposite each other lurk Scylla and Charybdis, one side quot;reach[ing] upShow MoreRelatedThe Conch Shell In Lord Of The Flies Analysis962 Words   |  4 Pagesuse to call the other boys to establish a makeshift society. The conch soon becomes an important symbol as a means of maintaining order. If we follow the conch throughout the story, we can see that it symbolizes and channels precious civilizing forces, such as democracy, as well as law and order. As the boys continue to disregard and mistreat the conch, their society crumbles until savagery and chaos ensue. 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The Grit Of The Russian s - 1699 Words

The Grit of the Russian’s The strength of a nation derives from the integrity of a home . Russian’s have a history of unmatched resilience, dedication, and the will to survive, even in the toughest conditions. The Battle of Stalingrad was a decisive turning point during the second world war, and followed a path unlike any other battle in history. The deciding factors of the war were simple mishaps within the German Wehrmacht army, alongside straightforward and effective Soviet strategies that pulverized the Nazi’s from within, all of which was being directed by the marvelous Commanders of the 62nd Army. The war began on September 1st, 1939 with an unjustified attack on Poland, lead by Nazi leader Adolf Hitler . Many other battles took place all throughout the world, but the main focus of conflict materialized in the heart of the European front, where The Battle of Stalingrad would unfold. 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A Guide to Writing Service Online

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Perpetual Insignificance Essay Example For Students

Perpetual Insignificance Essay A tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. -Shakespeare Light pierced the hazing heat, Illuminating the scene below. In a circle the cult did stand, And did clap and clap and clap their hands, Till the seeker finally was found. And as his eyes he closed, The rest swarmed forth like mice. And then their hole they found To cloak them from fierce green, Which only the glass of the felines eyes, With curtains drawn, Could keep inside. But up the shades did rise, Emitting light from eyes Fiercer than the sun above. And one hole short were they, And with one tiny squeak, A little white mouse gave his life away. And as their play continued, Others sat in wonder At the wrath of natures venue. Through swarms and throngs they searched For that which for some has been lost since birth. Languishing through disease and malaise, Through time they strive to stay alive, But infected blood through their veins does flow. Yet moans screamed loud were silenced To the ears of those who played that game. And through it all, A boy sat exposed. And in two shinning orbs the fear Resembled that of a tiger hunted deer, Till suddenly an idea he took Of a place no Bengalian would ever look. And over the terrain did he flee, Through blackness and shadows, Until through the cracks he slipped, Slipped into a fearful land of security. Through the jungles the Bengal beast Did search. No eyes failed, Although the ambition did flail. And vanish did the beast To vanquish a different feast. And while the tiger did gorge And the deer did cloak himself in darkness, The peoples stomachs did growl louder Than any beasts roar. And in the ground and in the trees And all through nature did they hunt, But on hunger only did they feast. Yet, while they lived with the thirst for food, The tiger became intoxicated with life, And visions of glory in the stags mind were planted. A mad dash made he To finish life victorious. But as he whooped and hollered The cult turned round to stare. Only confusion did emerge, For no recognition rested there. Forgotten had he been As all had continued without him. But humiliation tolled so loud That the bombs hitting They never heard. And as the troops were deflected, A new game they elected. Men fell in waves upon waves upon waves. And as they bathed themselves in blood, Cries of victory and shrieks of defeat Rang out loud As women cried more rain than clouds. And from the balcony Totality spared a fleeting glance At a small blue planet. Nothing wrong, nothing right, Nothing, Nothing, Nothing. And so the sashes were pulled And the curtains did fall. None saw the child victim: No longer ignorant But forever insignificant.

Gender Issues In Ancient Greece Essays - Operas, Antigone

Gender Issues In Ancient Greece anne brannen Gender Issues in ?Antigone? One of the most devastating problems for the Classical Greeks was the women's issue. Women in Classical Greece were not citizens, held no property, and indeed were not even allowed out of the house except under guard. Their status differed from that of the slaves of Greece only in name. This alone, however was not a problem -- the problem was that the Greeks knew, in their hearts, that this was wrong. Indeed, their playwrights harangued them about it from the stage of Athens continually. All of the great Grecian playwrights -- Sophocles, Euripedes, Aristophenes -- dealt with the women's issue. All of them argued, in their various ways, that the women of Greece were not nearly as incapable and weak as the culture believed them to be. All of them created female characters of strength and intelligence. But in ?Antigone,? the discussion reached its peak. Antigone herself, as she stands upon the Grecian stage, represents the highest ideals of human life -- courage and respect for the gods. A woman, she is nevertheless the exemplum for her society. But how are we to know this? Does the author let the audience know that it is Antigone herself, not Creon, the ?noble-eyed imperator? (453), who is to be believed? It is almost inconceivable that the audience would be meant to ignore Creon's apparently skillful arguments, for he appears to represent all that the Athenian should strive for. He stands for obedience to the State. Surely it is his voice we should obey. Sophocles does let us know where the truth lies, and he does this, amazingly, partly through his characterization of Creon. Though Creon seemingly says intelligent things, there are clues that he is not to be trusted. One would be his discussion of incest with Ismene. Torn between her duty to God and her duty to the State, Ismene, in the third act, has run to Creon, planning to tell him of Antigone's actions in the graveyard: ?O, not for me the dusty hair of youth, / But let us now unto the palace go? (465), she cries. But Creon, ignoring the supposedly important information she has to tell -- he has, after all, emptied the Theban coffers, spending money on his advanced spy network in search of the miscreant -- asks her, instead, to come home with him. ?How long, O Princess, O! How long!? he states, suggesting a time for their next meeting: ?Upon the hour of noon, or / Not upon the hour of six.? To such a pass has the doomed line of Oedipus come. It is clearly his fault that Ismene throws herself into the sea outside Thrace. Of course, it is Ismene's suicide that is the springboard for the rest of the action. She has shown herself to be all that the Athenian society desires her to be: obedient, pretty, sweet-tempered, and dead -- but it is not enough. Obedience has gotten the state nowhere, and women nowhere, and outside the walls of the city, the dead are still being buried at alarmingly fast rates, quicker, almost, than Creon can dig them up. Antigone solves the whole problem. Though she is, indeed, like Ismene, both pretty and dead at the end, she nevertheless provides a clear example of what women can do when they are trusted with power, rather than kept at home. For it is her newly formed women's rights group, based on the Lysistratan model, which creates the only solution to the Theban problem. Though Antigone herself is dead by the time the group comes up with their stunningly simple plan, it it her legacy which informs the decision. ?Not upon the dead nor yet / Upon the living base thy worth? (521), the Theban women cry, and upon their creation of a new burial ground, neither within the city, nor without, but within the walls of the city itself, they alone stop the civil war which threatens Thebes. Their ingenious solution provides a liminal space for the disgraced family of the late king, Oedipus. And the final scene, wherein the entire family joins Antigone, buried within the walls of Thebes, creates a physical metaphor of bonding and solidity. The traitor brother Polynices, the depressed sister Ismene, the political firebrand Antigone, joined with their uncle Creon and their hot-tempered cousin and his mother, all are together at last in harmony, united in the purpose of the defense of their beloved city against the Spartan onslaught, a sort of spiritual and physical mortar to the defensive

Definition and Examples of Paragraphing in Essays

Definition and Examples of Paragraphing in Essays Paragraphing is the practice of dividing a text into paragraphs. The purpose of  paragraphing is to signal shifts in thinking and give readers a rest.   Paragraphing is a way of making visible to the reader the stages in the writers thinking (J. Ostrom, 1978). Although conventions about the length of paragraphs vary from one form of writing to another, most style guides recommend adapting paragraph length to your medium, subject, and audience. Ultimately, paragraphing should be determined by the rhetorical situation. Examples and Observations Paragraphing is not such a difficult skill, but it is an important one. Dividing up your writing into paragraphs shows that you are organized, and makes an essay easier to read. When we read an essay we want to see how the argument is progressing from one point to the next.Unlike this book, and unlike reports, essays dont use headings. This makes them look less reader-friendly, so it is important to use paragraphs regularly, to break up the mass of words and to signal the making of a new point. . . . An unparagraphed page gives the reader the feeling of hacking away through a thick jungle without a track in sight- not very enjoyable and very hard work. A neat series of paragraphs acts like stepping stones that can be followed pleasurably across the river.(Stephen McLaren, Essay Writing Made Easy, 2nd ed. Pascal Press, 2001) Paragraphing Basics The following principles should guide the way paragraphs are written for undergraduate assignments:​ Every paragraph should contain a single developed idea...The key idea of the paragraph should be stated in the opening sentence of the paragraph...Use a variety of methods to  develop  your  topic sentences...Finally, use  connectives  between and within paragraphs to unify your writing... (Lisa Emerson, Writing Guidelines for Social Science Students, 2nd ed. Thomson/Dunmore Press, 2005) Structuring Paragraphs Long paragraphs are daunting- rather like mountains- and they are easy to get lost in, for both readers and writers. When writers try to do too much in a single paragraph, they often lose the focus and lose contact with the larger purpose or point that got them into the paragraph in the first place. Remember that old high school rule about one idea to a paragraph? Well, its not a bad rule, though it isnt exactly right because sometimes you need more space than a single paragraph can provide to lay out a complicated phase of your overall argument. In that case, just break wherever it seems reasonable to do so in order to keep your paragraphs from becoming ungainly.When you draft, start a new paragraph whenever you feel yourself getting stuck- its the promise of a fresh start. When you revise, use paragraphs as a way of cleaning up your thinking, dividing it into its most logical parts.(David Rosenwasser and Jill Stephen, Writing Analytically, 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2009) Paragraphing and the Rhetorical Situation The form, length, style, and positioning of paragraphs will vary, depending on the nature and conventions of the medium (print or digital), the interface (size and type of paper, screen resolution, and size), and the genre. For example, paragraphs in a newspaper are quite a bit shorter, typically, than paragraphs in a college essay because of the newspapers narrow columns. On a website, paragraphs on the opening page may consist of more signposts than would be typical in a printed work, allowing readers to select which direction to track via hyperlink. Paragraphs in a work of creative nonfiction will likely include transitional words and sentence structures not often found in lab reports. In short, the rhetorical situation should always guide your use of paragraphing. When you understand paragraph conventions, your audience and purpose, your rhetorical situation, and your writings subject matter, you will be in the best position to decide how to use paragraphs strategically and effectively to teach, delight, or persuade with your writing. (David Blakesley and Jeffrey Hoogeveen, The Thomson Handbook. Thomson Learning, 2008)​ Editing by Ear for Paragraphs We think of paragraphing as an organizational skill and may teach it in conjunction with the prewriting or planning stages of writing. I have found, however, that young writers understand more about paragraphing and cohesive paragraphs when they learn about them in conjunction with editing. When developing writers know the reasons for paragraphing, they more readily apply them in the editing stage than in drafting. Just as students can be trained to hear end punctuation, they can also learn to hear where new paragraphs start and when sentences are off the topic.(Marcia S. Freeman, Building a Writing Community: A Practical Guide, rev. ed. Maupin House, 2003)